Module info

LO1 An historical understanding of the timing and emergence of mainstream development actors ‘from above', such as the World Bank and the UN, and the variety of actors and alternative approaches known as development 'from below'

LO2 An understanding of the challenges of attempting to carry out development initiatives from below through or with the participation of local communities and the distinctions between this and development from above.

LO3 A critical understanding of academic debates on alternative approaches to development theory and practice, and their significance in relation to actual outcomes.

LO4 Knowledge of a range of alternative approaches to development including various forms of participatory and community-based development, post-development.

LO5 Ability to critically analyse and assess the ways alternative approaches and initiatives understand, represent and approach local populations and communities